German cities the Holy Roman Empire, a loose confederacy of states that comprised most of what is now Germany, as well as parts of Italy and France. In Machiavelli's time, the empire included more than 70 imperial cities, which exercised greater and lesser degrees of obedience to the Emperor, Maximilian I.
Giorgio Scali a leader of the Ciompi (wool workers) revolt in Florence in 1378. The wool workers' guild briefly held some political power, but its leaders, including Scali, were quickly overthrown and later executed.
Goths Germanic people who invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire.
Gracchi brothers Tiberius (166–133 B.C.) and Gaius Gracchus (154–121 B.C.). Roman officials who instituted many social reforms and were killed by aristocratic opponents.
Guelphs supporters of Papal interests. Their opponents, the Ghibellines, were supporters of the Holy Roman Empire.
Hannibal (247–183 B.C.) Carthaginian general: crossed the Alps to invade Italy in 218. He was defeated by Scipio Africanus in 202 B.C. Fabius Maximus, more conservative in his tactics than Scipio, also fought against Hannibal.
head of the Church Giovanni de Medici, the newly elected Pope Leo X.
Heliogabalus also called Elagabalus (circa 204–225), Heliogabalus was killed by the praetorian guard.
Hiero also called Hieron II, King of Syracuse (circa 271-216 B.C.). He was made commander of the Syracusan army and was so successful that he was elected king by the citizens.
