The structure of Dorian Gray is balanced between Lord Henry's early influence on Dorian (the first ten chapters) and Dorian's life as an adult (the last ten chapters). Each section begins with an expository chapter. Wilde uses devices such as dinner parties to provide temporary relief from intense action. Note also that Wilde's talents as a dramatist often are applied to the novel.
Major symbols in the novel include the portrait, which dominates the story as it reflects Dorian's increasing fall into debauchery. The "yellow book" reflects Lord Henry's continuing influence and seems to be a demonic force of its own. The theater run by Mr. Isaacs is a fantasy world for Dorian, who seems incapable of dealing with Sibyl as a real person. The white narcissus reflects Dorian's adoration of self. Lord Henry plays Dorian like a violin, which is mentioned early in the book and becomes a symbol of manipulation. The opera, where the singer Patti performs, is the essence of Aestheticism, while Daly's opium den represents the depths of depravity and excess.
Major themes include the Faust legend, the balance of body and soul, the dual nature of man, self-discovery, narcissism, friendship, the fall of man, sin and redemption, and the dangers of personal influence or manipulation. Beyond all of these critical approaches, the story can simply be enjoyed on its own as a well-written tale of suspense and surprise.
