The scene opens in a seventeenth-century drawing room in Paris. Alceste is reprimanding his friend Philinte for constantly betraying his integrity by conforming to the hypocritical uses and customs of polite society. An extended debate occurs between Alceste and Philinte. They argue about how genuinely and honestly a man can conduct his affairs in society. Alceste believes that a man must at all costs be honest with himself and with all of his acquaintances. Alceste also maintains that no self-respecting man can accept a compliment as genuine when he is perfectly aware that all compliments are paid equally without distinction as to merit. He insists that quality be considered before people praise their fellows and that honesty dictate all judgments. Philinte argues that compliments are merely tactful maneuvers to ease the strain of getting along with people. One cannot speak his mind openly in all situations and must yield at times to the general customs prevailing in society.
Philinte asks Alceste to stop criticizing mankind and turn his attention to his impending lawsuit. He recommends that Alceste pay a visit to the judge or send someone who will solicit the judge's favor for him. Alceste adamantly refuses to stoop to such devices and insists that his suit must be tried purely on the basis of justice.
Philinte then asks Alceste if he perceives those values which he so highly esteems in the woman he loves. Philinte goes on to say that this lady, Célimène, is just as much a coquette and as much affected by the manners of the age as anyone whom Alceste criticizes. Alceste admits that he sees her faults, but he is still bewitched by her.
