Several themes appear early on in the novel. First, is the part that fate plays in our lives. Hardy uses the device of a poor family learning of their former circumstances and former history. It is only by chance that Parson Tringham and John Durbeyfield pass on the road, an encounter that gives the parson the opportunity to share information he has about Durbeyfield’s ancestors. In fact, it was even chance that led Parson Tringham to suspect that the d’Urbervilles and Durbeyfields were connected at all; he simply happened to see the Durbeyfield name of John’s wagon while he (the parson) was investigating the “vicissitudes of the d’Urberville family.” The question becomes, would they have been better off not knowing that they were descended from nobility? Initially, the information seems like a boon to a family that, before the end of these four chapters, is in dire need of help, but it sets off a chain of events that, in the end, bring only tragedy.
A second theme appears in Chapter 1 when Parson Tringham mentions “how the mighty are fallen.” In this novel, we will see how the mighty have fallen and how the poor arise from their situations in life only to be forced down again by circumstances beyond their control. Hardy here is preaching against the attitudes that Victorian England held at the time, that the wealthy control the lives of others. He seems to be making the argument that social position has a devastating effect upon the lives of those who must endure under the weight of class repression.
Hardy’s use of the celebration of May Day, or May 1, is also significant. First, this is the where readers get their first glimpse of the young girl Tess. Dressed in white, she is a symbol of innocence and purity and gaiety at the celebration. Tess is among her friends at a May Day dance in Marlott, their hometown. Second, Hardy notes that such clubs, which are forgotten in the cities, still retain their former glory in the country where Tess lives, another indication that Tess is neither sophisticated nor worldly—a character trait that leaves her unprepared for the advances of a worldly man like Alec d’Urberville.
Finally, May Day itself is an ancient celebration, dating back to pagan times, when the Romans celebrated the goddess Floralia, who represented new spring flowers. Maia, the goddess of May, was celebrated for spring growth and replenishment. In this way, Hardy connects the Christian world and pagan world in the celebration of a former pagan holiday that had taken on Christian overtones. In this setting, Hardy describes Tess as “a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experienced … for all her bouncing handsome womanliness, you could sometimes see her twelfth year in her cheeks, or her ninth sparkle from her eyes; and even her fifth would flit over the curves of her mouth now and then.” In essence, she is a lovely, innocent young girl on the brink of womanhood. (Ironically, Tess meets her future husband, Angel Clare, during the dance the girls perform, but she does not dance with him. Later both will recall this meeting, and both will express the sentiment, “if only … .”)
