The responsibility for what has happened to the nation rests heavily on the priests, whose function was to guide the affairs of the nation, especially in regard to their religious duties. But this they have not done. They have been blind guides leading the people to believe that Yahweh demands nothing more than sacrifices, long prayers, solemn assemblies, and other forms of ritualistic observances. The truth of the matter, according to Hosea, is that Yahweh cares nothing at all for these services: "For I desire mercy, not sacrifice, and acknowledgement of God rather than burnt offerings." Yahweh's demands are moral. He desires the correct personal attitudes rather than external conformity to a given set of rules. If the people had a correct understanding of the character of Yahweh, they would not try to worship him after the manner in which the Canaanites worshiped their Baal gods. Because of this lack of understanding on their part, Hosea criticizes not only the priests but the people who have allowed themselves to be misled in this manner. The Israelites, and especially the priests, have had the chance to know better; their responsibilities include making the proper use of the opportunities given them: "My people are destroyed from lack of knowledge. Because you have rejected knowledge, I also reject you as my priests."
Failure to understand the nature of Yahweh has led to false ideas concerning the safety and security of the nation. Instead of putting their trust in righteousness, the Israelites have relied upon strength and military power. When it became evident that they could not match the strength of enemy nations who threatened to invade their land, there were those who advocated an alliance with some foreign power. One group urged an alliance with Egypt; another group insisted that the security of Israel depended on an alliance with Assyria. Hosea was convinced that both parties were wrong. He accused Israel's leaders of failing to understand the true cause of the nation's downfall. "Ephraim," says the prophet, "is like a flat cake not turned over." The people do not have any clear idea of what they are doing. Again, he says, "Ephraim is like a dove, easily deceived and senseless." The nation resembles a bird that is without brains. Its people have been following a stupid policy, trying to save their country by making it strong instead of making it morally right.
