CliffsNotes on

Leaves of Grass

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Walt Whitman Biography

Life and Background
A Whitman Chronology

From Inscriptions

Introduction
"One's-Self I Sing"
"As I Ponder'd in Silence"
"For Him I Sing"
"To the States"
"I Hear America Singing"
"Poets to Come"
"To You"
"Thou Reader"

"Song of Myself"

Introduction
Sections 1–5, lines 1–98
Sections 6–19, lines 99–388
Sections 20–25, lines 389–581
Sections 26–38, lines 582–975
Sections 39–41, lines 976–1053
Sections 42–52, lines 1054–1347

From Children Of Adam

Introduction
"To the Garden of the World"
"Spontaneous Me"
"Ages and Ages Returning at Intervals"
"As Adam Early in the Morning"

From Calamus

Introduction
"In Paths Untrodden"
"Scented Herbage of My Breast"
"Whoever You Are Holding Me Now in Hand"
"When I Heard at the Close of the Day"
"Are You the New Person Drawn Toward Me?"
"Not Heat Flames Up and Consumes"
"I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing"
"Full of Life Now"
"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry"
"Song of the Broad-Axe"
"Pioneers! O Pioneers!"
"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"
"When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer"
"Beat! Beat! Drums!"
"Cavalry Crossing a Ford"
"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd"
"As Consequent, Etc."
"There Was a Child Went Forth"
"Passage to India"
"The Sleepers"
"To a Locomotive in Winter"
"As the Time Draws Nigh"
"So Long!"
"Queries to My Seventieth Year"
"America"
"Good-Bye My Fancy!"

Critical Essays

Form and Style in Leaves of Grass
Themes in Leaves of Grass
Whitman: The Quintessential American Poet

Study and Homework Help

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From Calamus

"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"

Out of the ceaselessly rocking cradle of the sea waves, a memory comes back to the poet. He recalls that as a child, he left his bed and "wander'd alone, bareheaded, barefoot" in search of the mystery of life and death. He is a man now but "by these tears a little boy again," and he throws himself on the shore "confronting the waves." He is a "chanter of pains and joys, uniter of here and hereafter," and he uses all his experiences but goes beyond them.

The experience he now recalls is that on the Paumanok seashore one May, when lilacs were in bloom, he observed two mockingbirds, "feather'd guests from Alabama." The female crouch'd on her nest, silent," and the male went "to and fro near at hand." The birds sang of their love; the words "two together" summed up their existence. One day the female disappeared, "may-be kill'd, unknown to her mate." The male anxiously awaited her, He addressed the wind: "I wait and I wait till you blow my mate to me." His song penetrated the heart of the curious boy who "treasur'd every note for he understood the meaning of the bird, whom he called his "brother."

The bird's lament, or "aria," affected the boy deeply. Every shadow seemed to the bird the hoped-for shape of his mate reappearing. He had loved, but now "we two [are] together no more.

The notes of the bird were echoed by the moaning sea, "the fierce old mother." To the boy who became the poet, "to the outsetting bard," the sea hinted at secrets. The boy eagerly asked the sea to let him know the ultimate meaning, "the word final, superior to all." Before daybreak the sea whispered to the poet the "delicious word death . . . /Death, death."

In this experience the boy attempted to fuse the vision of the sea with that of the bird, and this knowledge marked the beginning of the poet in him. The bird, the solitary singer, was a projection of the boy's consciousness. The sea, like the "old crone rocking the cradle," whispered the key word in his ears.


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