CliffsNotes on

Emerson's Essays

Search this CliffsNote

Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography

Life and Background
Chronology of Emerson's Life

Nature: Analysis and Original Text

Introduction to the Essay
The Introduction
Chapter 1. Nature
Chapter 2. Commodity
Chapter 3. Beauty
Chapter 4. Language
Chapter 5. Discipline
Chapter 6. Idealism
Chapter 7. Spirit
Chapter 8. Prospects
Read the Original Text
Glossary

"The American Scholar": Analysis and Original Text

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1–7. "Man Thinking."
Paragraphs 8–9. The Influence of Nature.
Paragraphs 10–20. The Influence of the Past.
Paragraphs 21–30. The Influence of Action.
Paragraphs 31–45. The Scholar's Duties.
Read the Original Text
Glossary

"The Over-Soul": Analysis and Original Text

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1–3. Introduction.
Paragraphs 4–10. The Over-Soul Is Defined.
Paragraphs 11–15. The Soul and Society.
Paragraphs 16–21. Revelation.
Paragraphs 22–30. The Soul and the Individual.
Read the Original Text
Glossary

"Self-Reliance": Analysis and Original Text

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1–17. The Importance of Self-Reliance.
Paragraphs 18–32. Self-Reliance and the Individual.
Paragraphs 33–50. Self-Reliance and Society.
Read the Original Text
Glossary

"The Transcendentalist": Analysis and Original Text

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1–5. Materialism versus Idealism.
Paragraphs 6–14. Examples and Shortcomings of Transcendentalism.
Paragraphs 15–30. The Solitary Transcendentalist.
Read the Original Text
Glossary

"The Poet": Analysis and Original Text

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1–9. The Poet as Interpreter.
Paragraphs 10–18. The Poet, Language, and Nature.
Paragraphs 19-29. The Poet and Imagination.
Paragraphs 30–33. The Poet and America.
Read the Original Text
Glossary

Critical Essays

Trancendentalism
Emerson, Unitarianism, and the God Within
Emerson's Use of Metaphor

Study and Homework Help

Full Glossary for Emerson's Essays
Quiz
Review Questions and Essay Topics

Cite this Literature Note

CliffsNotes To Go Sweepstakes -- Enter Now to Win an iPod touch Loaded with Cliffs Study Apps

Did "New Moon" change your allegiance to the Twilight characters?

Still Team Edward
Still Team Jacob
Switched from Team Edward to Team Jacob
Switched from Team Jacob to Team Edward
I still cannot decide!

View Results

Critical Essays

Emerson's Use of Metaphor

More commonly, Emerson refers positively to man-made items with a spiritual or emotional connection. Such is the case in "The Over-Soul" when he compares the human being with a religious building, a temple: "A man is the facade of a temple wherein all wisdom and all good abide." This is a rewriting of a familiar Christian figure of speech: the human person as a "temple" of the Holy Spirit. Although Emerson's Unitarianism precluded belief in a divine "Holy Spirit," his transcendentalism tended to transfer the spirit's divinity to the animating "Over-Soul" of all nature.

Among some of Emerson's most arresting images of fragmentation are those pertaining to clothes and textiles. Many times these images admonish us to question old, or accepted rules, and to "try on" new ways of thinking. His conclusion in "The Over-Soul" proposes an optimistic forecast of the future, as most of his writings tend to end on an optimistic note. He is confident that, in the future, the ideal human "will weave no longer a spotted life of shreds and patches, but he will live with a divine unity."

The metaphor of clothing and rags also appears frequently in Emerson's statements about writing and style. In a long and elaborately developed comparison in Nature, he contrasts the artificial style of imitative writers with the natural style of true poets. Imitative writers are those who "do not of themselves clothe one thought in its natural garment, but who feed unconsciously on the language created by the primary writers of the country, those, namely, who hold primarily on nature." Contrasted to these imitators are the true poets, who "pierce this rotten diction and fasten words again to visible things . . . The moment our discourse rises above the ground line of familiar facts and is inflamed with passion or exalted by thought, it clothes itself in images." In addition to using images that promote a more natural, and hence preferable, style of writing, Emerson asserts a few paragraphs later that nature itself provides the best images — that is, the most appropriate dress — for writing: "[Because nature] always stands ready to clothe what we would say, we cannot avoid the question whether the characters are not significant of themselves."


Images of Unity and Fragmentation: 1 2
CliffsNotes® To Go
Literature reviews for the iPhone™ & iPod touch® help you study anywhere, anytime.
Learn more now!
The Ultimate Learning Experience!
WATCH the film and READ the lit note for a fast way to study!
Learn more!