CliffsNotes on

Emerson's Essays

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About the Author

Life and Background
Chronology of Emerson’s Life

Nature

Introduction to the Essay
The Introduction
Chapter 1. Nature
Chapter II. Commodity
Chapter III. Beauty
Chapter IV. Language
Chapter V. Discipline
Chapter VI. Idealism
Chapter VII. Spirit
Chapter VIII. Prospects
Glossary

“The American Scholar”

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1-7. “Man Thinking.”
Paragraphs 8 and 9. The Influence of Nature.
Paragraphs 10-20. The Influence of the Past.
Paragraphs 21-30. The Influence of Action.
Paragraphs 31-45. The Scholar’s Duties.
Glossary

“The Over-Soul”

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1-3. Introduction.
Paragraphs 4-10. The Over-Soul Is Defined.
Paragraphs 11-15. The Soul and Society.
Paragraphs 16-21. Revelation.
Paragraphs 22-30. The Soul and the Individual.
Glossary

“Self-Reliance”

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1-17. The Importance of Self-Reliance.
Paragraphs 18-32. Self-Reliance and the Individual.
Paragraphs 33-50. Self-Reliance and Society.
Glossary

“The Trancendentalist”

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1-5. Materialism versus Idealism.
Paragraphs 6-14. Examples and Shortcomings of Transcendentalism.
Paragraphs 15-30. The Solitary Transcendentalist.
Glossary

“The Poet”

Introduction to the Essay
Paragraphs 1-9. The Poet as Interpreter.
Paragraphs 10-18. The Poet, Language, and Nature.
Paragraphs 19-29. The Poet and Imagination.
Paragraphs 30-33. The Poet and America.
Glossary

Critical Essays

Trancendentalism
Emerson, Unitarianism, and the God Within
Emerson’s Use of Metaphor

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About the Author

Chronology of Emerson’s Life

1803    Born May 25 in Boston, Massachusetts, to the Reverend William and Ruth Haskins Emerson.

1811    Father dies May 12 of stomach cancer.

1812    Enters Boston Public Latin School; begins writing poetry.

1817    Enters Harvard College.

1821    Graduates from Harvard College in August; begins teaching at his brother William’s School for Young Ladies.

1824    Dedicates himself to religious study.

1825    Leaves the School for Young Ladies and enters Harvard Divinity School.

1826    Becomes licensed to preach; fearing tuberculosis, he travels to Charleston, South Carolina, and later to St. Augustine, Florida.

1829    Is ordained pastor of the Second Unitarian Church of Boston; marries Ellen Tucker in September,

1831    Nineteen-year-old Ellen dies February 8 of tuberculosis.

1832-33    Resigns from Second Church and travels in Europe; visits Carlyle, Mill, Coleridge, and Wordsworth.

1833-34    Lectures on “The Uses of Natural History.”

1835    Lectures on biography; meets Alcott and Fuller; marries Lydia Jackson.

1835-36    Lectures on “English Literature.”

1836    Anonymously publishes Nature; first meeting of Transcendental Club; birth of first child, Waldo, on October 30.

1836-37    Lectures on “Philosophy of History.”

1837    Delivers “The American Scholar” address before Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa Society.

1837-38    Lectures on “Human Culture.”

1838    Delivers a controversial address before the senior class of Harvard Divinity School.

1838-39    Lectures on “Human Life.”

1839    First daughter, Ellen, is born February 24.

1839-40    Lectures on “The Present Age.”

1840    The transcendentalist journal The Dial first published.

1841    Publishes Essays: First Series; daughter Edith is born November 22.

1841-42    Lectures on “The Times.”

1842    Son, Waldo, dies of scarlet fever; Emerson succeeds Margaret Fuller as editor of The Dial.

1844    Son, Edward Waldo, is born July 10; publishes Essays: Second Series.

1845-46    Lectures on “Representative Men.”

1846    Publishes Poems in December.

1847-48    Second trip to Europe; visits Carlyle and other important literary figures.

1849    Publishes Nature; Addresses, and Lectures in September.

1850    Publishes Representative Men in January.

1853    Eighty-four-year-old mother dies.

1856    Publishes English Traits in August.

1862    Lectures on “American Civilization” in Washington, D.C.; meets President Lincoln.

1866    Receives honorary doctorate from Harvard.

1867    Publishes May-Day and Other Pieces in April.

1870    Publishes Society and Solitude in March; lectures on “Natural History of Intellect.”

1872    Emerson’s home burns.

1872-73    Third trip abroad.

1875    Publishes Letters and Social Aims in December.

1876    Publishes Selected Poems.

1882    Dies of pneumonia on April 27 and is buried in Concord’s Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.


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