CliffsNotes on

Atlas Shrugged

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Book Summary

Ayn Rand Biography

Early Life and Education
Career Highlights
Rand's Philosophy: Objectivism

About Atlas Shrugged

Introduction
The Cold War and Collectivism
An Appeal for Freedom
The Mind on Strike
Objectivism in Action

Summary and Analysis by Chapter

Part 1: Chapter 1: The Theme
Part 1: Chapter 2: The Chain
Part 1: Chapter 3: The Top and the Bottom
Part 1: Chapter 4: The Immovable Movers
Part 1: Chapter 5: The Climax of the d'Anconias
Part 1: Chapter 6: The Non-Commercial
Part 1: Chapter 7: The Exploiters and the Exploited
Part 1: Chapter 8: The John Galt Line
Part 1: Chapter 9: The Sacred and the Profane
Part 1: Chapter 10: Wyatt's Torch
Part 2: Chapter 1: The Man Who Belonged on Earth
Part 2: Chapter 2: The Aristocracy of Pull
Part 2: Chapter 3: White Blackmail
Part 2: Chapter 4: The Sanction of the Victim
Part 2: Chapter 5: Account Overdrawn
Part 2: Chapter 6: Miracle Metal
Part 2: Chapter 7: The Moratorium on Brains
Part 2: Chapter 8: By our Love
Part 2: Chapter 9: The Face Without Pain or Fear or Guilt
Part 2: Chapter 10: The Sign of the Dollar
Part 3: Chapter 1: Atlantis
Part 3: Chapter 2: The Utopia of Greed
Part 3: Chapter 3: Anti-Greed
Part 3: Chapter 4: Anti-Life
Part 3: Chapter 5: Their Brothers' Keepers
Part 3: Chapter 6: The Concerto of Deliverance
Part 3: Chapter 7: "This is John Galt Speaking"
Part 3: Chapter 8: The Egoist
Part 3: Chapter 9: The Generator
Part 3: Chapter 10: In the Name of the Best Within Us

Character List

Character Map

Character Analysis

John Galt
Dagny Taggart
Hank Rearden
Francisco d'Anconia
James Taggart

Critical Essays

The Role of the Mind in Human Life in Atlas Shrugged
The Role of the Common Man in Atlas Shrugged: The Eddie Willers Story

Study and Homework Help

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Character Analysis

Francisco d'Anconia

Even Francisco's characteristic mockery, his use of irony and biting derision, is always benevolent and positive. He always directs his mockery at the irrational, never at the good and never at strangers. He laughs openly at people like James Taggart, because he knows that man can and should be much better. While James Taggart uses derision as a weapon of destruction, Francisco uses it as a means of destroying the destroyers, thereby clearing the road for the creative. His trademark mockery always supports his values. A scene from his childhood proves this point. When a professor of literature saw Francisco on top of a pile in a junk yard, happily "dismantling the carcass of an automobile," he said, "'A young man of your position ought to spend his time in libraries, absorbing the culture of the world.'" Francisco replied, "'What do you think I'm doing?'" He didn't intend to needle or insult the professor. He intended to expand the meaning of the term "culture" to recognize the profound value of technology and industrial production. Even at such a young age, Francisco focused on making a positive point.

Francisco's life-giving benevolence is shown in his love for Hank Rearden. The injustice of Rearden being enslaved and exploited by his family and the looting politicians is deeply moving to Francisco. He undertakes the long process of teaching Rearden to check his moral premises — to reject both the mind-body dichotomy and the self-sacrifice ethic. He receives both insults and a physical blow from Rearden but brushes them aside. He tells Rearden that if he saw Atlas straining with his last ounce of strength to support the world for a final instant before he expired, he would tell him to shrug, to release the self-sacrificial responsibility, and to recognize his own right to live.

Francisco does more than save Rearden's life during the assault on the mills; he shows him the reality of a new life. Francisco's unceasing campaign bears fruit when Rearden understands the senseless futility of cannibalizing the productive and virtuous for the sake of vicious moochers. Francisco's work is complete when Rearden throws off the shackles of guilt and servitude binding him to the parasites and joyously recognizes his own inestimable moral value. Francisco, recruiting agent for the strike, wins his greatest conquest.


Francisco d'Anconia: 1 2
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