Plant Biology

• What Is a Plant?
• Flowering Plants as “Typical” Plants
• Divisions of Plant Science
• Scientific Method

• Major Groups of Organisms
• Classification: Plants, Other Organisms

• Cell Theory
• Generalized Plant Cell

• Plant Body
• Growth and Development
• Meristematic Tissues
• Tissue Systems and Cellular Composition

• Root Zones
• Primary Root Tissues and Structure
• Secondary Growth of Roots
• Types of Root Systems
• Specialized and Modified Roots

• Characteristics of Shoot Systems
• Primary Growth of Stems
• Secondary Growth of Stems

• Leaves: Specialized Organs
• External Features, Origin, and Internal Structure
• Leaf Abscission and Movements
• Leaves and the Environment
• Specialized Leaves and Stems

• Features of Flowers
• Seed and Fruits
• Features of the Angiosperm Life Cycle
• Seed Structure and Development

• Energy Defined
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Chemistry of Energy Use
• Energy Regulators: Enzymes and ATP
• Movement of Materials in Cells
• Membrane Structure
• Cross‐Membrane Transport
• Membranes: Reception, Communication

• Respiration: Energy for Plant Metabolism
• Glycolysis
• Aerobic Respiration
• Electron Transport Chain, Phosphorylation
• Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation

• Most Important Process in the World
• Overview of Eukaryote Photosynthesis
• Details of Photosynthesis in Plants

• Essential Elements
• Role of Soils

• Regulating Growth: Plant Hormones
• Types of Plant Hormones
• Responsive Growth Movements: Tropisms
• Other Plant Movements
• Circadian Rhythms
• Photoperiodism
• Dormancy
• Senescence

• Prokaryote Cell Division
• Eukaryote Cell Divison: The Cell Cycle
• Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis

• Mendelian Genetics
• Intricacies of Inheritance

• Darwin's Theory of Evolution
• Modern Theory of Evolution

• Modern Taxonomy Includes Phylogenetics
• Naming Plants
• Types of Classifications
• Plants Among the Diversity of Organisms
• Classifying Groups of Organisms

• General Characteristics of Prokaryotes
• Structure
• Reproduction
• Prokaryote Metabolism
• Systematics
• Ecology
• Human Interest
• Viruses

• A Kingdom Separate from Plants
• Characteristics of Fungi
• Fungi: Reproduction
• Systematics of Fungi
• Ecology of Fungi
• Symbiotic Relationships
• Plant Pathogens
• Yeasts

• A Mixture of Life Forms
• Fungi‐Like Protista
• Algae

• Land Plants Without Vascular Tissues
• A Typical Bryophyte Life Cycle
• Phylogeny of Bryophytes
• Ecology of Bryophytes

• The Ferns and Their Allies
• Phylum Lycophyta: Club Mosses and More
• Phylum Sphenophyta: Horsetails
• Phylum Psilotophyta: Whisk Ferns
• Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns
• The First Vascular Plants

• The Most Successful Plants of All Time
• The Gymnosperm Phyla
• Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla
• Extinct Gymnosperm Phyla
• Phylum Anthophyta—The Flowering Plants

• The Parts of Ecosystems
• Ecosystem Structure: Plant Communities
• Ecosystem Functions
• Plant Interactions with Other Organisms

• Materials Used by Organisms Are Recycled
• The Water Hydrologic Cycle
• The Carbon Cycle
• The Nitrogen Cycle
• The Phosphorus Cycle
• The Sulfur Cycle

• Distribution of Vegetation
• Terrestrial Biomes of the World