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Major Skeletal Muscles

The major skeletal muscles are described in following tables and figures.

TABLE 1 Muscles of the Head and Neck

Muscle

Origin/Insertion

Action

Epicranius:frontalis

O: galea aponeurotica I: skin around eyes

raises eyebrows; surprised

Epicranius:occiptalis

O: occipital bone I : galea aponeurotica

pulls scalp back; surprised

Orbicularis oculi

O: maxillary & frontal bones I: eyelids

closes eyelids; blinking

Orbicularis oris

O: muscle fibers around mouth I: skin around mouth

closes lips; kissing

Buccinator

O: maxilla & mandible I: orbicularis oris

compresses cheek; whistling

Platysma

O: fascia in upper chest I: mandible & corner of mouth

lowers mandible; opens mouth

Mentalis

O: mandible I: skin of chin

protrudes lower lip; pouting

Risorius

O: fascia on masseter muscle I: skin at corner of mouth

lateral movement of lips; grimacing

Zygomaticus

O: zygomatic bone I: skin around mouth

raises edges of mouth; smiling

Levator labi superioris

O: infroarbital margin of maxilla I: skin of upper lip

raises upper lip; as in disgust

Depressor labi inferioris

O: mandible I: skin of lower lip

lowers lower lip

Temporalis

O: parietal bone I: mandible

raises mandible; closes mouth

Masseter

O: zygomatic arch I: mandible

raises mandible; closes mouth

Medial pterygoid

O: sphenoid & maxilla I: mandible

raises mandible; side-to-side mouth motion

Lateral pterygoid

O: sphenoid & maxilla I: mandible

raises mandible; side-to side mouth motion

Sternocleidomastoid

O: ternum & clavicle I: temporal bone

flexes & rotates head

Splenius capitis

O: cervical & thoracic vertebrae I: temporal bone

rotates, bends, or extends head

Semispinalis capitis

O: cervical & thoracic vertebrae I: occipital bone

rotates or extends head

Longissimus

O: cervical & thoracic vertebrae I: temporal bone

rotates, bends, or extends head

Omohyoid

O: scapula I: hyoid bone

depresses hyoid bone

Sternohyoid

O: sternum & clavicle I: hyoid bone

depresses hyoid bone


TABLE 2 Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, Thorax, and Abdominal Wall

Muscle

Origin/Insertion

Action

Semispinalis capitis

O: cervical & thoracic vertebrae I: occipital bone

extends & rotates head

Splenius capitis

O: c & t vertebrae I : occipital & temporal bone

extends and rotates head

Deltoid

O: clavicle & scapula I: humerus

abducts, flexes, extends, & rotates arm

Pectoralis major

O: clavicle, sternum, ribs I: humerus

flexes, adducts, & rotates arm

Infraspinatus

O: scapula I: humerus

rotates arm

Teres major

O: scapula I: humerus

extends, rotates arm

Latissimus dorsi

O: vertebrae, ribs, ilium I : humerus

extends, adducts, rotates arm

Levator scapulae

O: cervical vertebrae I: scapula

elevates scapula

Pectoralis minor

O: ribs I: scapula

stabilizes scapula, elevates ribs

Serratus anterior

O: ribs I: scapula

stabilizes scapula, elevates ribs

Trapezius

O: occipital bone & c & t vertebrae; I : scapula & clavicle

elevates, adducts, & rotates scapula

Rhomboideous major/Rhomboideus minor

O: c & t vertebrae I: scapula

adducts & rotates scapula

Rectus abdominis

O: pubic crest & symphysis I: xiphoid process & ribs

flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen

External oblique

O: ribs I : linea alba, ilium

compresses abdomen, rotates trunk

Transverse abdominis

O: ilium, ribs I: linea alba, xiphoid process

compresses abdomen

External intercostals

O: lower border of rib above I: upper border of rib below

elevates ribs, aids inspiration

Internal intercostals

O: upper border of rib below I: lower border of rib above

pulls ribs together, aids expiration

Diaphragm

O: lower ribs, sternum I: central tendon

aids inspiration

Spinalis

O: lumbar & thoracic vertebrae I: thoracic & cervical vertebrae

extends vertebral column

Longissimus

O: lumbar & cervical vertebrae I : temporal bone, vertebrae

extends vertebral column

Iliocostalis

O: ilium, ribs I: ribs

extends vertebral column


TABLE 3 Muscles of the Arm and Forearm

Muscle

Origin/Insertion

Action

Coracobrachiolis

O: scapula I: humerus

flexes & adducts arm

Biceps brachii

O: scapula, glenoid cavity I: radius

flexes arm, flexes forearm, & rotates hand

Brachialis

O: humerus I: ulna

flexes forearm

Brachioradialis

O: humerus I: radius

flexes forearm

Triceps brachii

O: humerus I: ulna

extends forearm

Anconeus

O: humerus I: ulna

extends forearm

Pronator teres

O: humerus, ulna I: radius

rotatesforearm

Pronator quadratus

O: ulna I: radius

rotates forearm

Supinator

O: ulna I: radius

rotates forearm

Flexor carpi radialis

O: humerus I : metacarpals

flexes & abducts wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris

O : humerus, ulna I : carpals, metacarpals

flexes & abducts wrist

Flexor digitorum superficialis

O: humerus, ulna, radius I: phalanges

flexes finger 2–5

Flexor digitorum profundus

O: ulna I: phalanges

flexes distal fingers 2–5

Palmaris longus

O: humerus I : flexor retinaculum

flexes wrist

Extensor carpi radialis longus

O : humerus I : second metacarpal

extends & abducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris

O: humerus, ulna I: fifth metacarpal

extends & adducts wrist

Extensor digitorum

O: humerus I: distal phalanges

extends fingers 2–5

Extensor pollicis brevis

O: radius I: phalanx of thumb thumb

extends

Extensor pollicis longus

O: radius I: phalanx of thumb

extends thumb

Extensor indicis

O: ulna I: index finger

extends index finger

Abductor pollicis longus

O: radius & thumb I: first metacarpal

abducts & extends thumb


TABLE 4 Muscles of the Thigh and Leg

Muscle

Origin/Insertion

Action

Gluteus maximus

O: ilium, sacrum, coccyx I: femur

extends & rotates thigh

Gluteus medius

O: ilium I: femur

abducts & rotates thigh

Pectineus

O: pubis I: femur

adducts & flexes thigh

Adductor longus

O: pubis I: femur

adducts, flexes, & rotates thigh

Adductor brevis

O: pubis I: femur

adducts, flexes, & rotates thigh

Adductor magnus

O: pubis, ischium I: femur

adducts, flexes, & rotates thigh

Gracilis

O: pubis I: tibia

adducts thigh & flexes leg

Sartorius

O: ilium I: tibia

flexes & rotates thigh, flexes leg

Quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris

O: ilium, femur I: patella, tibia

extends leg, flexes thigh

Quadriceps femoris: vastus lateralis

O: ilium, femur I: patella, tibia

extends leg

Quadriceps femoris: vastus medialis

O: ilium, femur I: patella, tibia

extends leg

Quadriceps femoris: vastus intermedius

O: ilium, femur I: patella, tibia

extends leg

Biceps femoris (hamstrings)

O: ischium, femur I: fibula

flexes & rotates leg, extends thigh

Semitendinosus (hamstrings)

O: ischium I: tibia

flexes & rotates leg, extends thigh

Semimembranosus

O: ischium I: tibia

flexes & rotates leg, extends thigh

Tibialis anterior

O: tibia I: 1st metatarsal & cuneiform

dorsiflexes & inverts foot

Extensor digitorum longus

O: tibia, fibula I: phalanges of toes

dorsiflexes & everts foot, extends toes

Gastrocnemius

O: femur I: calcanues

plantar flexes foot, flexes leg

Soleus

O: tibia, fibula I: calcaneus

plantar flexes foot







Figure 1

The major skeletal muscles—anterior superficial view.








Figure 2

The major skeletal muscles—posterior superficial view.








Figure 3

The major skeletal muscles—lateral view.








Figure 4

The major skeletal muscles–anterior superficial view, anterior deep view, posterior superficial view, and posterior deep view.








Figure 5

The major skeletal muscles—anterior superficial view, anterior deep view, posterior superficial view, and posterior deep view.








Figure 6

The major skeletal muscles—anterior superficial view, anterior deep view, posterior superficial view, and posterior deep view.


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