Enzyme Catalysts

• Introduction to Biochemistry
• Biochemistry Is a Contemporary Science
• Extrapolating Biochemical Information
• Common Themes in Biochemistry
• Polymers in Living Systems
• Types of Biochemical Reactions
• All Organisms are Related
• The Common Origin of Organisms

• United Strength of Biochemical Structures
• Water: Properties and Biomolecular Structure
• Hydrophobic Effect
• Electrostatic and van der Waals Interactions
• Acid‐Base Reactions in Living Systems

• Biochemical Reactions
• Types of Metabolic Reactions
• Enzyme Catalysts
• Space and Time Links
• Energy Flow
• Free‐Energy Calculations
• The Cell's Energy Currency
• Free‐Energy Transport across Membranes

• Complexity in Biochemical Genetics
• The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
• RNA Carries Genetic Information
• Base‐Pairing and the Central Dogma

• Levels of Protein Structure
• Amino Acids
• Primary Structure
• Secondary Structure
• Tertiary Structure
• Quaternary Structures

• The Chemistry of Molecular Oxygen
• Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
• Physiological Conditions and Hemoglobin
• Fetal Hemoglobin

• Enzymes Are Catalysts
• Six Types of Enzyme Catalysts
• Chemical Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis
• Chymotrypsin: An Enzyme at Work
• Enzyme Regulation
• Covalent Modification

• Metabolism: A Collection of Linked Oxidation and Reduction Processes
• Energy Production
• Biosynthetic versus Catabolic Reactions

• Introduction to Glycolysis
• Six‐Carbon Reactions
• Glycolysis, ATP, and NADH
• Glycolysis Regulation

• Introduction to the TCA Cycle
• First Phase of the TCA Cycle
• Substrate Availability and Pyruvate

• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• The Electron Transport Chain
• ATP Synthesis
• Mitochondrial Transport Systems
• Oxidative Phosphorylation: Energy Yields

• The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• The Gluconeogenic Pathway
• Storage of Glucose as Glycogen